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  • TOPICS
  • Electricity and Electronics
    • Electric Charge
    • Current
    • Circuits
    • Voltage
    • Resistance
    • Conductors and Insulators
    • Semiconductors
    • Electronic Components
    • Power Supplies
  • Computer Hardware
    • Hardware Components
      • Central Processing Unit
      • Input Peripherals
      • Output Peripherals
      • Graphics Processing Unit
      • Networking Components
    • Types of Computing Devices
      • Personal Computers
      • Servers
      • Single Board Computers
      • Smartphones
    • Operating Systems
      • Computer Operating Systems
        • Windows
        • MacOS
        • Unix and Linux
      • Smartphone Operating Systems
        • Android
        • iOS
  • Computer Networks
    • Network Characteristics
      • Network Size and Scope
      • Network Performance
    • Network Components
      • Routers and Switches
      • Cables and Connectors
      • Firewalls
    • Network Connection Types
      • Ethernet
      • Wireless
      • Cellular
    • Network Protocols
      • TCP/IP
      • HTTP
      • Domain Name System
    • The Internet and WWW
      • Infrastructure
        • Data Cables
        • Data Centers
        • Internet Service Providers
      • Core Applications
        • Email
        • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
        • Telnet
      • World Wide Web
        • Websites and Web Pages
        • Web Servers and Browsers
    • Network Security
      • Encryption
      • Transport Layer Security
      • Public Key Infrastructure
  • Computer Programming
    • Computational Thinking
      • Algorithms
      • Flowcharts
    • Programming Constructs
      • Variables and Data Types
      • Arrays
      • Loops
      • Conditional Flows
      • Functions
    • Programming Languages
      • Binary Language
      • Assembly Language
      • High-Level Languages
      • Compilers
      • No-Code/Low-Code Programming
    • Integrated Development Environments
      • Features of an IDE
      • Visual Studio Code
      • Python IDLE
      • Replit Online IDE
      • Version Control
  • App Development
    • Application Architecture
      • Multi-Tier Architecture
      • Service Oriented Architecture
        • Microservices
        • REST APIs
        • XML and JSON Data Formats
        • API Gateways
        • API Clients
        • Asynchronous Functions
        • Callbacks and Promises
    • Web and Mobile Apps
      • UI/UX Design
      • Cross-Platform Apps
    • Technology Stacks
      • HTML CSS JavaScript
      • Frameworks and Libraries
  • Databases
    • Relational Databases
      • Relational Data Structures
      • Structured Query Language
    • NoSQL Databases
      • NoSQL Data Structures
      • NoSQL Query Language
    • Big Data
      • Data Warehouses and Lakes
      • Data Analytics
    • Data Security
      • Data Encryption
      • Data Hashing
  • Microcontrollers
    • Features
      • Analog and Digital Input/Output
      • Pinout Diagrams
      • Power Connections
      • USB Connectors
    • Boards
      • Arduino
      • ESP32
      • Raspberry Pico
    • Connection Protocols
      • UART
      • Inter-Integrated Circuit
      • Serial Peripheral Interface
    • Circuits
      • Circuit Design
      • Circuit Assembly
      • Circuit Fabrication
  • Microcontroller Programming
    • Arduino Programming
      • Arduino IDE
      • Arduino Sketches
      • Arduino Libraries
    • Node-RED Low-Code Programming
      • ESP8266 NodeMCU
      • STM32
      • Node-RED Editor
      • Node-RED Flows
      • Node-RED Input
      • Node-RED Output
    • Pico Programming
      • MicroPython Thonny IDE
      • MicroPython Programs
      • MicroPython Libraries
  • Physical Computing
    • Sensors
      • Sensor Types
        • Digital Sensors
        • Analog Sensors
        • Mechanical Sensors
        • Chemical Sensors
      • Basic Sensors
        • Temperature Sensor
        • Humidity Sensor
        • Gas Sensor
        • Motion (PIR) Sensor
        • Proximity (Infrared) Sensor
        • Light Sensor
        • Sound Sensor
        • Distance (Ultrasound) Sensor
        • Infrared Line Detection Sensor
        • Soil Moisture Sensor
        • Color Sensor
        • Pressure Sensor
        • Flow Sensor
        • Vibration Sensor
        • Load Sensor
      • Advanced Sensors
        • Flex Sensor
        • 3-Axes Accelerometer
        • GPS
        • RFID
        • Camera
    • Controller Devices
      • Relays
      • Actuators
      • DC Motors
      • Servo Motors
      • Clock Memory Module
    • Human Interface Devices
      • Output Devices
        • Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
        • Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
        • Buzzers
      • Input Devices
        • Keypads
        • Pushbuttons
        • Joysticks
    • Communication
      • WiFi
      • Bluetooth
      • Cellular (GSM)
      • LoRa
      • Radio
      • Real Time Clock
  • Cloud Computing
    • Infrastructure as a Service
      • Virtualization
      • Commissioning Servers
      • Containerization
      • Serverless Computing
    • Software as a Service
      • Productivity Applications
      • Business Applications
    • Platform as a Service
      • Developer Services
      • Business Solutions
    • Cloud Service Providers
      • Amazon Web Services
      • Microsoft Azure
      • Google Cloud Platform
  • Internet of Things
    • IoT Components
      • Sensors
      • Gateways
      • Processors
      • Controllers
      • Workers
    • IoT Applications
      • Smart Homes
      • Smart Cities
      • Smart Factories
      • Smart Wearables
    • IoT Challenges
      • Security
      • Reliability
      • Bandwidth
      • Power
      • Standards
    • Data Transfer Protocols
      • Messaging
      • MQTT
      • MQTT Brokers
      • API Services
    • IoT Platforms
      • MQTT Platforms
      • Data Visualization Platforms
      • Sensor Management Platforms
    • IoT Platform Providers
      • AWS IoT
      • Hive MQTT
      • ThingSpeak
  • Artificial Intelligence
    • AI Concepts
      • Human vs Artificial Intelligence
      • Cognitive Computing
      • Machine Learning
      • Generative AI
      • Neural Networks
      • Challenges in AI/ML
    • AI/ML Applications
      • Transportation
      • Customer Service
      • Manufacturing
      • Financial Services
      • Retail
      • Health and Safety
    • AI/ML Algorithms
      • Data Analytics
      • Natural Language Processing
      • Speech Recognition
      • Computer Vision
      • Predictive Maintenance
    • AI/ML Algorithms-as-a-Service
      • AWS Comprehend
      • AWS Lex
      • AWS Polly
      • AWS Rekognition
      • AWS Sagemaker
      • AWS Personalize
      • AWS Transcribe
      • AWS Lookout
      • Alexa Voice Control
  • Blockchain
    • Blockchain Characteristics
      • Decentralisation
      • Transparency
      • Immutability
      • Traceability
      • Transaction Security
    • Blockchain Concepts
      • Blockchain Networks
      • Blockchain Transactions
      • Blocks
      • Mining
      • Consensus Algorithms
        • Proof of Work
        • Proof of Authority
        • Proof of Stake
    • Blockchain Challenges
      • Processing Speed
      • Scalability
      • Processing Power
      • Power Consumption
    • Blockchain Applications
      • Cryptocurrency
      • Banking and Finance
      • Supply Chain Management
    • Blockchain Encryption
      • Digital Signatures
      • Hash Functions
      • Merkle Trees
    • Distributed Ledger Technology
      • Traditional Ledgers
      • Distributed Ledgers
    • Smart Contracts
      • Smart Contract Concepts
      • Events and Actions
      • Smart Contract Applications
  • Augmented/Virtual Reality
    • AR/VR Concepts
      • Simulation and Immersion
      • AR versus VR
      • AR/VR Challenges
    • AR/VR Applications
      • Gaming
      • Remote Experiences
      • Training
    • AR/VR Tools and Technologies
      • AR/VR Software
      • AR/VR Hardware
      • Designing AR/VR Solutions
  • 3D Printing
    • 3D Printing Concepts
      • Additive Manufacturing
      • 3D Printers
      • Designing Products
    • 3D Printing Materials
      • Properties of Materials
      • Commonly Used Materials
    • 3D Printing Applications
      • Prototyping
      • Custom Manufacturing
      • Onsite Manufacturing
  • UAVs/Drones
    • Principles of Flight
      • The Atmosphere
      • Newton's Laws of Motion
      • Bernoulli's Principle
      • Centre of Gravity
    • Mechanics of Flight
      • Motion in the Air
      • Forces in Flight
      • Quadcopter Mechanics
    • Airplane Structures
      • Fixed Components
      • Primary Control Surfaces
      • Secondary Control Surfaces
      • Power Systems
    • Navigation
      • Navigation Modes
      • Directions in Flight
      • Radio Signals
      • Navigation Systems
      • Aeronautical Charts
      • Instrument Landing System
    • Avionics
      • Flight Instruments
      • Flight Management Systems
      • Glass Cockpits
      • Radio Signals
      • Remote Control
    • UAV/Drone Applications
      • Aerial Surveillance
      • Remote Monitoring
      • Aerial Delivery
      • Integrating UAVs and IoT
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Topics
Microcontrollers
Circuits

Arduino Circuits

Serial Peripheral InterfaceCircuit Design
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