Controllers

Controllers are devices that receive digital or analog signals from a microcontroller and convert them into some physical motion. Controllers are generally connected to an appliance or a machine, or even just an object to get them to so some work or move in some way.

For example, a relay is a switch controller which is connected to an appliance and based on the signal received from the microcontroller can switch the appliance on or off. A motor is a rotational movement controller that turns a fan blade or a washing machine drum and vary the speed based on signals received from a microcontroller. An actuator can take multiple forms, such as a valve that, based on signals from a microcontroller, can open or close and allow water to flow through or stop and even control the flow rate.

The three common types of controllers are explained below.